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Summary of the City Mumbai is the most blessed city of India, having vast of lakes free from pollution for quenching thirst of Mumbaikers. Having Asia's largest filtration plant at Bhandup complex which is designed to work on gravity and surrounded with sea from 3 sides to drain out it's drainage & industrial wastage. For most of the other cities in India, there is no alternate left for drinking water as drainage is also dumped in their drinking source which is a river.
Water quality information Mumbai & Thane Mumbai's water supply comes from seven lakes spread across the city -- Modak Sagar, Tansa lake, Vehar Lake, Tulsi lake, Upper Vaitarna, Bhatsa and Middle Vaitarna. All dams are situated in Thane Forest area; hence it is safe from any type of Industrial wastage, drainage line & agriculture pollutant. Mumbai needs 3,500 million litres of water per day, which is supplied through pipe lines spread over 100 kms. Source of water for Mumbai & Thane Municipality is the same; hence quality of water supplied is also same.
Kalyan-dombivali & New Mumbai Kalyan Dombivali Municipality (KDMC) & Navi Mumbai Municipality (NMMC) also provide their supply of water from sweet & pollution free lakes, having water TDS levels around 60 ppm only. Only the difference is water filtration plant maintained by KDMC & SIDCO is not up to the mark like as of BMC, hence turbidity level is high in their water. Same cause occurs in case of more external suburbs like Ambernath, Badlapur, etc.
Virar-Vasai On the other hand, water supply from Vasai Virar Municipal Corporation (VVMC) is Surya River & Surya Dam situated at Palghar district. Hence in this river water the mineral content is high and TDS level is around 150 ppm. Many people for Mumbai may not like its taste but the fact is it is healthier than nearby municipalities like BMC or TMC.
Recommended Technology: (BMC-NMMC-TMC-KDMC-VVMC) UF or UF+UV
Summary of the City Pune metropolitan region consist of the Pune Municipal Corporation & Pimpri Chinchawad Municipal Corporation. Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation have separate sources of drinking water supply.
Water quality information
Pune City In Pune city, due to civilization all rivers passing through Pune city becomes a sewage & drainage stream which recharges the ground table of city with contaminated water. The main source of water supply for PMC is Khadakwasala dam. The capacity of Khadakwasla dam is 56 million cubic meters. Khadakwasla Dam is a dam on the Mutha River 21 km (13 mi) from the centre of the city of Pune in Maharashtra. The dam created a reservoir known as Khadakwasla Lake which is the main source of water for Pune and its suburbs.
Pimpri-Chinchwad For Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Pavana dam is a major source of drinking water. It is constructed in 1972. Intake works are constructed in the river bed 150 meter upstream of the existing Punawale weir near Ravet village. It is six kilometers away from the city. Around 91 percent of the stored water in the dam is utilized for non-irrigation purposes. Drinking water is mainly supplied to the Talegaon, Dehu Road cantonment and Pimpri Chinchwad town ship. Everyday 350mld (51 per cent) raw water is lifted from Pavana dam and supplied to Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal area. Pavana dam has capacity of 241 milion cubic meters.
TDS level & sweetness of the PMC & PCMC water is same like BMC, around 60 ppm. But turbidity level is high due to lake of filtration facilities. In last couple of decades Pune city is expanded like anything, due to insufficient supply of municipal supply. Many societies in Pune partially & fully depend upon ground water.
Recommended Technology: (PMC-PCMC) UF or UF+UV
Summary of the City Not available
Water quality information
Nashik City The main sources of drinking water for Nashik is three dams in the upstream of Nashik city on the river Godavari and its tributaries. Nashik Municipal Corporation has a reservation for drinking water in each of these dams. These include the Gangapur Dam, Kashyapi Dam and Gautami Dam. Kashyapi and Gautami Dams were built to supplement Gangapur Dams water storage because it was silting up. Kikvi project is also being pushed stating the same reason that Gangapur dam is silting up.
In addition, Nashik Municipal Corporation has a reservation of 350 million cubic feet on the Darna Dam, 28 kms downstream Nashik.
Recommended Technology: (NMC) UF or UF+UV
Summary of the City Not Available
Water quality information
Nagpur City The major source of Drinking water for Nagpur is Totladoh reservoir. Due to Shortage of water in Totladoh Reservoicer which has occured due to poor monsoon & water availability has been reduced due to Chourai has been built on MP. Due to this, NMC is focussing on early completion of Kanhan - Kolhar project so that dependence on Totladoh is reduced.
Recommended Technology Not Available
Summary of the City Not Available
Water quality information
Hydarabad City The manjeera supply streaming out of taps in most Hyderabadi households is not fit for drinking. ... Worse, the water is acidic, way beyond permissible limits, and even colored, indicating the presence of algae and decayed vegetation in the reservoirs that serve at least 70 per cent of Hyderabad's thirsty populace. Second source is the river Musi, which cuts across Hyderabad, continues to be one of the most polluted rivers in the country. The Musi is a tributary of Krishna River which comes from Maharashtra state & having huge chances of hiving Industrial & Agriculture contamination. As per data obtained from Telangana State Pollution Control Board, The Musi, which is a tributary of the river Krishna, contains of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) - which have not changed since 2007 and in some cases have increased drastically.
Recommended Technology For less maintenance & less water wastage - UF / UF+UV For more purity - NF 30 + UV (Maintenance & water wastage will be high)
Summary of the City A large population in urban and peri-urban areas of Bengaluru depends on water from the Vrishabhavathi valley and Byramangala reservoir for meeting their drinking water needs. However, this water continues to be of questionable quality and has been found to be exposed to severe pollution and deterioration of ground water quality. Water from eight villages namely Anchipura village, Anchipura colony, Bannigiri, Chikkakuntanahalli, Kodiyala Keranahalli, Kodiyala, Mahadevpura and Kodihalli were analysed.
Water quality information
Bengaluru City
Tap water can mean (1) Cauvery water (or water supplied by BWSSB through pipelines) that is reasonably good quality (2) Borewells normally dug in most of the houses (3) Water supplied by tankers that draw water from very deep borewells with no concern for very dangerous dissolved impurities (including toxic elements like arsenic, mercury, etc.)
Contamination of Drinking water sources A study finds drinking water in peri-urban areas around Bengaluru has high levels of bacteriological and chemical contaminants making it unfit for consumption. - As high as 80 percent of water samples at the source was contaminated and presented a moderate to high risk for diarrhoea. Only 20.6 percent of the water samples tested complied with the WHO's permissible limits with respect to E. coli counts. - The water quality got worse as it reached the household level. Only seven percent of household drinking water samples were found to comply with the WHO's permissible limits while all the remaining drinking water samples (93 percent) were found to be contaminated with coliforms. - High levels of chemical pollution of water at the source was detected. The water was found to have high levels of total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity and nitrates. - Drinking water from borewells at Byramangala Panchayat was found to be highly polluted with coliforms indicating the possibility of faecal contamination around the areas of the reservoir due to the inflow of sewage and industrial effluents into the reservoir. - Nitrate levels were greater than the permissible levels in all drinking water sources from the villages surrounding Vrishabhavathi-Byramangala reservoir indicating progressive deterioration of groundwater quality and a high risk to health. High levels of nitrates can increase the risk of methaemoglobinaemia in infants and gastric and prostate cancers in adults. - Changing seasons was found to influence microbial contamination. Contamination levels due to coliforms and E. coli were found to be lower from January to March during the winter season while they were maximum during September following the summer season. - The levels of drinking water contamination at the household level were found to be higher than that at the source, which could be due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices, faulty handling and other socio-cultural practices.
Recommended Technology: (NMC) If you have Cauvery water supply, it is reasonably good quality. May require basic filtration to remove visible impurities. This water is not hard (TDS is optimum) so one can use basic UF or UF + UV filteration. If you are getting borewell water, make sure you get it tested and use NF 60 + UV or RO + UV filter. While using RO filter, ensure TDS is not very low.
Summary of the City Usually, Chennai gets 830 million litres a day from Poondi, Cholavaram, Red Hills and Chembarambakkam - which supply drinking water to the city. Stone quarries in Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur and the two desalination plants in the city are the primary sources of drinking water now. Drinking water supply to Chennai has been slashed by 50% as Tamil Nadu stares at its worst drought in 140 years. To make matters worse, the four main reservoirs around Chennai - Poondi, Red Hills, Cholavaram and Chembarambakkam - are all running dry, which means piped water for drinking is being supplied to certain areas only once in three days. Apart from this, 180mld is drawn from Veeranam water supply project. Some 60mld is now pumped from agricultural wells and metro water-owned wells and this could go up to 100mld in summer.
Water Quality Information
Chennai City The water quality in Chennai is a long way to reach international standards as outlined in this study published on April 2007. Researchers from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Chennai Zonal Laboratory, Chennai found an enteric parasitic protozoan called Cryptosporidium that causes diarrhea. Stone quarries in Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur and the two desalination plants in the city are the primary sources of drinking water now. Drinking water supply to Chennai has been slashed by 50% as Tamil Nadu stares at its worst drought in 140 years. To make matters worse, the four main reservoirs around Chennai - Poondi, Red Hills, Cholavaram and Chembarambakkam - are all running dry, which means piped water for drinking is being supplied to certain areas only once in three days. Apart from this, 180mld is drawn from Veeranam water supply project. Some 60mld is now pumped from agricultural wells and metro water-owned wells and this could go up to 100mld in summer. The water quality in Chennai is a long way to reach international standards as outlined in this study published on April 2007. Researchers from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Chennai Zonal Laboratory, Chennai found an enteric parasitic protozoan called Cryptosporidium that causes diarrhea.
Recommended Technology For less maintenance & water wastage - UF / UF+UV For more purity - NF 30 + UV (Maintenance & water wastage will be high)
Summary of the City Delhi receives 86% of water through Surface Water, namely the Yamuna River, and the remaining from tributaries of Ganga River.
Water Quality Information
Delhi City The WYC (Western Yamuna Canal) crosses Yamuna Nagar, Karnal and Panipat before reaching the Haiderpur treatment plant (which supplies part of Delhi's water), receiving wastewater from Yamuna Nagar and Panipat. Haryana's vast agricultural fields are also significant contributors to pollute Yamuna before entering Delhi. Untreated waste water and industrial effluents are routinely discharged into Delhi's water bodies. The Yamuna River, near Delhi, is an important source of drinking water for downstream cities. But it has been an open sewer for decades.
Delhi NCR Faridabad To city 80 MLD water being supply through 1,411 tube wells & 120 MLD supply from 14 Rainey wells operating from the Yamuna riverbed in the district. Most of the residence claims that they received water quality of washing & bathing not for drinking.
Ghaziabad The district of Ghaziabad is situated in the middle of Ganga-Yamuna doab. A test carried out to judge the quality of drinking water in the city by Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation found 700 samples out of 1,000 unfit for human consumption.
Gurgoan The main drinking water source of Gurgoan which is ground water getting more worst day by day. Mainly the Chloride, Fluoride & Nitrate level increases beyond permissible limit. According to Central Ground Water Authority main reasons behind it illegal extraction of ground water, the depletion of the aquifer because of contraction of recharge zones & contamination from the defunct Bandhwari waste treatment plant continuously unchecked.
Noida Main source of water for domestic use of Noida is ground water. But due to high hardness level, every day, the industrial hub of Noida uses 48 million liters of Ganga water to dilute hard groundwater, making it safe for residents to use.
An analysis by M/s WAPCOS (Water & Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd.), a Government of India undertaking consultancy, has found that for every 222 MLD (million litres per day) of groundwater extracted by the city, 84 MLD of Ganga water is required to make it usable.
Recommended Technology For Delhi Jal board (MCD) - For less maintenance & water wastage - UF / UF+UV For more purity - NF 30 + UV (Maintenance & water wastage will be high) For Delhi NCR - (NF 30 / NF 60 / RO) + UV [Depends upon water source, Municipal & Ground water Mixing ratio, TDS & Pollution level, etc.]
Summary of The City
HooghlyRiver is the main source of potable surface water for the city of Kolkata supplied from the age-old Palta Water Works now rechristened as Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant. Due to the high levels of pollution in the surface waterbodies, groundwater is being exploited at an unsustainable level.
Water Quality information
Kolkata city water supply is dependent on both surface water source from the river Hooghly and ground water sources & hand tube wells. Kolkata municipal corporation area is occupied by quaternary alluvial sediments, comprising alternate sequence of clay, silt and sands of various grades, gravel and occasional pebble beds. Kolkata’s TDS is 200 To 400 Ppm.
Recommended Technology
NF30+UV Or NF60+UV
Summary of The City
River Tapi is the main source of water in Surat.The Tapi Riveris a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada river which flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea.
Water Quality information
Water of Tapi River is moderately polluted due to discharges of industrial waste, domestic sewage and agricultural run-off in river water, which require more efficient management to conserve this river.
Recommended Technology
NF30+UV Or NF60+UV
Summary of The City
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation is responsible for catering to the domestic and commercial water demand of the city. Sabarmati river and Narmada canal are the two main sources of water for the city. AMC currently operate 3 major Water Treatment Plants namely Kotarpur, Raska, jaspur.
Water Quality information
The groundwater of Ahmedabad is known to have high levels of iron, fluoride, chloride and nitrates. The Municipal Corporation as well as richer housing societies routinely resort to supplementing their water supply with ground water.
